Asthma | COPD | |||||
Mild | Severe | Exacerbation | Mild | Severe | Exacerbation | |
Neutrophils | 0 | ++ | ++++ | ++ | +++ | ++++ |
Eosinophils | + | ++ | +++ | 0 | 0 | + |
Mast cells | ++ | +++ | +++? | 0 | 0 | ? |
Macrophages | + | + | ? | +++ | ++++ | ++++ |
T-lymphocytes | TH2++, iNKT?? | Th1+, Th2+, Tc1+, Tc2, Th17? | ? | Tc1+ | Tc1+++, Th1+++, Th17? | ? |
B-lymphocytes | B-ϵ | B-ϵ | ? | + | +++ | ? |
Dendritic cells | + | ? | ? | +? | +? | ? |
Chemokines | CCL11 | CXCL8+ | CXCL8++ | CXCL8+, CXCL1+, MCP-1 | CXCL8++ | CXCL8+++ |
Cytokines | IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 | TNF-α | ? | TNF-α+ | TNF-α++ | TNF-α+++ |
Lipid, mediators | LTD4++, PGD2+ | LTB4++ PGD2+ | ? | LTB4+ | LTB4++ | LTB4+++ |
Oxidative stress | 0 | ++ | +++ | ++ | +++ | ++++ |
Steroid response | ++++ | ++ | + | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0: no response; + to ++++: degree of magnitude; ?: uncertain. Th: T-helper; NKT: natural killer T-cell; CCL: CC-chemokine ligand; IL: interleukin; Tc: T-cytotoxic cell; CXCL: CXC motif ligand; TNF: tumour hecrosis factor; MCP: monocyte chemotactic protein.