- Figure 1
Markers of cancer cell and lymphocytes in inflammatory infiltration around a tumour as potential markers of immunomodulatory treatment response. Dendritic cells (DCs) recognise cancer cell antigens and display them to cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), which destroy the tumour cell by apoptosis (long arrow). Interferon (IFN)-γ is capable of supporting this reaction. The process is inhibited by type-2 macrophages (M2), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Suppression and regulation processes are enhanced by cytokines: transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-17. The following antigens are expressed the most commonly: melanoma antigen MAGE-A3, glycoprotein antigen MUC-1, PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) and PD-L2, Fas ligand (FasL) and thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1. CTLs express CD3, CD8, apoptotic factor (Fas), checkpoint molecules cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death protein (PD)-1, and LAG-3 (lymphocyte activation gene 3). The markers of Tregs are CD25, the Foxp3 transcription factor, PD-1, CTLA-4 and GITR (glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor).
- Table 1
Reasons for the use of BAL fluid analysis as a method of evaluation of immune status of lung cancer patients
The material is available in each state of advancement and in different histological types of lung cancer, both non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer BAL may be performed during diagnosis, before treatment, and may be used to monitoring of treatment and complications The method is well standardised and reproducible, and the results can be compared between different centres The different types of inflammatory cells and their mediators can be recognised in BAL material, and may be used for immunoscoring Cancer cells may be identified in BAL fluid in the case of peripheral tumours The results of many studies confirm the significance of that method
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary Material
J. Domagala-Kulawik EDU-0019-2017_Domagala-Kulawik
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