Inclusion criteria |
Age 6–17 years |
Diagnosis confirmed, evaluated and managed at a specialised centre for ≥6 months |
Symptoms |
Wheeze heard by trained healthcare professional OR |
Self-reported wheeze in the past 12 months |
Spirometry evidence of asthma |
Bronchial obstruction with bronchodilator reversibility ≥12% OR |
Bronchial provocation test with ≥10% fall in FEV1 |
Treatment |
High-dose inhaled corticosteroids (table 2) for ≥6 months +
long-acting β-agonist/leukotriene modifier OR |
Systemic corticosteroids for ≥25% of the past 12 months |
Exclusion criteria |
Symptoms are primarily due to the following conditions, which might mimic asthma |
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis |
Bronchiolitis obliterans |
Cystic fibrosis |
Primary ciliary dyskinesia |
Significant bronchiectasis (not related to asthma) |
Severe immunodeficiency/immunosuppression |
Central airway obstruction, or compression |
Congenital airway malformation (e.g. vascular ring) |
Foreign body |
Tracheobronchomalacia |
Interstitial lung disease |
Lobectomy |
Other pulmonary surgery |
Carcinoid or other tumour |
Congenital heart disease |
Connective tissue disease |
Neuromuscular diseases |