Tables
- Table 1
Test measures
Reference standard Outcome Test measures Positive Negative Diagnostic algorithm Positive True positives correctly identified (A) False positives (B) Total identified as positive PPV=A/(A+B) Negative False negatives (C) True negatives correctly identified (D) Total identified as negative NPV=D/(C+D) Outcome True positives True negatives Test measures Sensitivity=A/(A+C) Specificity=D/(B+D) - Table 2
Test measures that it is possible to calculate or estimate by each validation technique
Technique PPV NPV Sensitivity Specificity Manual validation of physical records Can be calculated Can be calculated Can be calculated Can be calculated Questionnaires for healthcare practitioners or patients Can be calculated Can be calculated Validation of machine-learning algorithms Can be calculated Can be calculated Can be calculated Can be calculated Comparison to an external database (complete overlap) Can be calculated Can be calculated Can be calculated Can be calculated Comparison of rates in a comparable population Estimate only Estimate only Internal validation using additional parameters Estimate only Estimate only Internal validation using free text in the database Estimate only Estimate only Sensitivity analyses using restrictive algorithms