The electronic nose: emerging biomarkers in lung cancer diagnostics

Table 1

The most important published studies assessing the efficacy of the e-nose for lung cancer

First author [ref.]	Year	Lung cancer patients included/total study participants	Type of nose	Result
Philips [36]	2008	95/180	Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy	Sensitivity: 74%; specificity: 71%
Bajtarevic [35]	2009	220/661	Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry	Sensitivity: 71; specificity: 100%
Dragonieri [39]	2009	10/30	Cyranose	Cross-validation value of 90% correct; sensitivity and specificity not reported
D’Amico [40]	2010	28/148	Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy	Sensitivity: 85%; specificity: 100%
Gasparri [41]	2016	70/146	Gas sensor array composed of quartz microbalances	Sensitivity: 81%; specificity: 91%
Rocco [12]	2016	23/100	Pneumopipe	Sensitivity: 86%; specificity: 95%
De Vries [15]	2018	35/604	Spironose	Sensitivity 80%; specificity 90%
Huang [28]	2018	56/244	Cyranose	Multiple models Support vector machine Sensitivity: 83%; specificity: 86%
Tirzïte [26]	2018	252/475	Cyranose	Two different models for smokers (sensitivity: 96%; specificity: 92%) and nonsmokers (sensitivity: 96%; specificity: 91%)
Kort [27]	2018	144/290	Aeonose	Multiple models used in the same population Sensitivity: 94%; specificity: 33% (for the NSCLC model)
Van de Goor [42]	2018	52/144	Aeonose	Sensitivity: 83%; specificity: 84%