Figures
- Figure 1
Posteroanterior chest radiograph.
- Figure 2
CT scan with a) narrowing of the lumina of the trachea, b) narrowing of the right upper lobe entrance, and c) calcified “finger-in-glove opacities” pattern.
- Figure 3
a) Infiltration of the trachea submucosa with yellow material and b) obstruction of the right upper lobe entrance with the same material.
- Figure 4
Benign bronchial mucosa with deposition of amorphous hyaline material that stains with Congo red, compatible with amyloidosis.
Tables
- Table 1
Key differences between tracheobronchial diseases
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Tracheobronchial amyloidosis Tracheopathia osteochondroplastica Tracheobronchial papillomatosis Relapsing polychondritis Cause Vasculitis of uncertain cause (probable hypersensitivity reaction) Idiopathic or associated with various inflammatory, hereditary or neoplastic pathogens Idiopathic benign disease Infection of the upper respiratory tract by the human papillomavirus Autoimmune Radiology Circumferential mucosal thickening of the trachea and central bronchi; may appear with subglottic stenosis Circumferential nodular or regular thickening of trachea, central bronchi and pharynx; may have calcification Usually calcified nodules sparing the posterior wall of the trachea; frequently in the inferior two-thirds of the trachea and proximal bronchi Multiple non-calcified polypoid lesions narrowing the airway; more frequent in larynx; rarely affects small airways Regular thickening sparing the posterior wall of the trachea; affects upper trachea and larynx most frequently Presentation Glomerulonephritis, systemic vasculitis, oral ulcer, myalgias; respiratory symptoms usually appear later Asymptomatic, dyspnoea, cough, recurrent infection, wheezing; variable symptoms according to affected organ Asymptomatic, cough, dyspnoea, recurrent infection, wheezing, haemoptysis Hoarseness, choking episodes, cough, dyspnoea, stridor Auricular and nasal chondritis, ocular inflammation, polyarthritis, audio vestibular damage, tracheomalacia Histology Mucosal and submucosal inflammatory infiltrate and ulcer; poorly formed granulomas Submucosal deposits of proteinaceous material (amyloid) that stain with Congo red Submucosal osteocartilaginous nodules; may display a connection to the perichondrium of a tracheal ring Mild to moderate dysplasia; papillomatosis and basal hyperplasia Inflammation and destruction of the cartilaginous rings
