Figures
- FIGURE 1
The overlap syndrome as a synergistic relationship between coexisting respiratory disease and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). ILD: interstitial lung disease.
- FIGURE 2
Protective and promoting factors for overlap syndrome development. REM: rapid eye movement; OSA: obstructive sleep apnoea.
- FIGURE 3
Pathophysiological interactions between COPD and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) predisposing to cardiovascular disease.
- FIGURE 4
Proposed pathophysiological relationships between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). REM: rapid eye movement; GORD: gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Clinical characteristics and parameters resulting in high clinical suspicion for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in patients with COPD
Symptoms compatible with OSA, such as snoring, witnessed apnoeas, unrefreshed sleep, daytime sleepiness and nocturia Obesity as measured by: Body mass index (>30 kg·m−2 in males and >35 kg·m−2 in females) Neck circumference (>43 cm in males and >41 cm in females) Deranged blood gases Persistent daytime hypoxaemia Hypercapnia Signs of pulmonary hypertension or right heart failure, such as peripheral oedema Polycythaemia Use of opioids and/or hypnotic medications Comorbidities such as: Resistant hypertension Atrial fibrillation Heart failure Type 2 diabetes Stroke End-stage renal disease
Vol 18 Issue 3
Table of Contents
Overlaps between obstructive sleep apnoea and other respiratory diseases, including COPD, asthma and interstitial lung disease
