Figures
- Figure 1
The European population from 1950 to 2050, with estimated population before 2006 (light background) and projected population (dark background). The population is split into children (0–14 yrs; ⋄), adult (15–59 yrs; □) and older people (≥60 yrs; ▵). The older population is expected to increase in the future, whereas the population <60 years of age is expected to decrease. Reproduced and modified from [1] with the publisher's permission.
- Figure 2
Traces of breathing in a young (top) and older (bottom) person during wakefukness (left) and sleep (right). Each trace shows airflow (measured using a phenunotachograph) plotted against resistive pressure (measured using an oesophageal catheter) for several breaths. Breathing during sleep results in marked airflow limitation, due to upper airway collapse in the the older person. Modifed from [44] with permission from the publisher.
Tables
- Table 1 A review of the literature describing the prevalence of sleep apnoea in older people
First author [ref.] Subjects n Females % Age yrs Population BMI kg per m2 Prevalence of SDB % AHI ≥5 AHI ≥10/ ≥15 Carskadon [24] 40 55 62–86 Community 36 Coleman [25] 83 28 66±5 Sleep clinic 39 McGinty [26] 26 0 64.4±4.4 Community 62 Roehrs [27] 97 61–81 Sleep clinic 27 Smallwood [28] 30 20 50–80 Community ±15% 37 Yesavage [29] 41 0 69.5±6.5 18 community and 23 clinic 73 Hoch [30] 56 52 69.3±5.4 Community ±20% 5 4 Knight [31] 27 NG 75.8±5.9 Primary care 25 37 Mosko [32] 46 65 68.7±6.7 Community 28 16 Ancoli-Israel [33] 233 65 65–101 Nursing home 30.6±6.0 70 Hoch [18] 105 53 60–91 Community 25.4±3.8 26 13 Philips [34] 92 52 64.2±8.6 Community 25.6±4.3 15 Ancoli-Israel [19] 346 53 72.8±6.1 Community 24.4±4.2 30 54 57 70.8±6.2 Community 27.2±5.4 32 Bixler [20] 75 0 65–100 Community 31 24 Young [21] 3448 60–99 Community 54 20 Endeshaw [35] 58 76 77.7±6.7 Community 56 19 Haas [22] 3643 52 70.2±6.9 Community 28.2±5.0 46 20 Hader [23] 80 50 74.1±6.3 General medical clinic 26.8±4.6 43 19 BMI: body mass index; SDB: sleep-disordered breathing; AHI: apnoea–hypopnoea index.
