Figures
- Figure 1
Chest radiograph showing slightly increased density parahilar right (a) and dorsobasal density (b).
- Figure 2
CT images. a) Cavitation left upper lobe, superior lingula and pulmonary infiltrates left lower lobe, superior segment, b) pulmonary infiltration with pleural effusion, c) pulmonary infiltrates, d) right-sided thrombosis of the internal jugular vein (land some cervical lymphadenopathy).
- Figure 3
Thrombosis of the internal jugular vein. On ultrasound, reactive lymph nodes were seen, but these are not visible here. In case of thrombosis, no vein is visible in the region in which you would expect a vein.
Tables
- Table 1 Causes of chest pain
Location Differential diagnosis Prevalence# % [2] Pulmonary Pneumonia¶/tracheabronchitis 5 Pleuritis¶ Pulmonary embolus¶ Pneumothorax¶ Cardiovascular Myocarditis/pericarditis¶ 16 Cardiac ischaemia Aortic dissection Vasculitis Chest wall/orthopaedic Myalgia/cramps 36 Fracture Artritis/arthrosis Costochondritis/bursitis Neuropathic pain Cervical/thoracic disc disease Abdominal Reflux/oesophagitis or oesophageal dysmotility 19 Peptic ulcer Diafragm spasm Cholecystitis/choledocholithiasis Pancreatitis Nefrolithiasis Miscellaneous Autoimmune disease Miscellaneous 16; psychiatric 8 Malignancy Mediastinitis/mediastinal emphysema Somatoform disorders Anxiety disorders Intoxications (e.g. cocaine) Data from [1, 2]. #: non-emergent chest-pain in primary care. ¶: Differential diagnoses most likely in this case.
- Table 2 Blood results
Blood component Haemoglobin 8.6 mmol·L-1 (13.76 g·dL−1) White blood cells 15.26109·L-1 (15200·mm−3) Band forms % 13 Neutrophils % 77 Lymfocyten % 8 Monocytes % 1 Eosinophils % 0.62 D-dimers ng·mL−1 1011 D-dimers ng·mL−1 239 D-dimers ng·mL−1 77 Data from [3–5].
- Table 3 Causes of increased plasma levels of fibrin D-dimer
Causes Examples Arterial or venous thromboembolic disease Stroke, myocardial infarction, DVT, pulmonary embolism Disseminated intravascular coagulation or infection Can be seen in sepsis, malignancy and obstetric mishaps. Normal pregnancy or (pre)eclampsia Surgery or trauma Renal disease Nephrotic syndrome, renal failure Liver disease Due to decreased clearance Malignancy Data from [3–5].
- Table 4 Causes of cavitating lung lesions
Cause Examples Infection Bacteria e.g. Actinomyces spp., Nocardia spp., Mycobacterium spp.; Fungi e.g. Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., pneumocystosis; Parasites e.g. Echinococcus spp. Pneumonia Lung abscess Septic (metastatic) embolism Autoimmune disease Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Sarcoidosis Rheumatoid arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Systemic lupus erythematosus Malignancy Primary lung cancer, mostly squamous cell Lymphoma Lung metastasis Kaposi’s sarcoma Congenital abnormality/acquired lung disease Bronchogenic cyst Histiocytosis X (langerhans histiocytosis) Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Vascular disease Pulmonary embolism (septic or aseptic) BOOP/COP Due to e.g. medication, radiotherapy or autoimmune disease Data from [6]. BOOP: bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia; COP: cryptogenic organising pneumonitis.
