Demographic | History | Lung function | Biomarkers | Environmental |
Children/young children | Previous exacerbation(s) | Spirometry: FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75 | Eosinophils: peripheral blood, sputum | Indoor allergens with sensitisation |
Women | Poor asthma control | Bronchodilator response | Number of inhalant allergen sensitisations | Outdoor allergens with sensitisation |
Black and Puerto Rican race/ethnicity | SABA inhaler prescription refills | Bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine | Exhaled nitric oxide | Viral infections |
Economically disadvantaged | Difficult-to-control asthma | Impulse oscillometry | Smoking/smoke exposure status | |
Overweight | Poor controller medication adherence |
FEF25–75: forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of FVC; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; SABA: short-acting β-agonist. Reproduced from [15], with permission from the publisher.