Summary of the three included studies
| Study design | Population | Exposures | Outcomes | Statistical methods | Key findings | |
| INMA study [4] | Cohort study | 641 mother–child pairs from Spain | 9 phthalate metabolites (MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MCMHP, MBzP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MEHP) in the urine of gestating women | Lung function of children: FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC at ages 4, 7, 9 and 11 years | For each phthalate, linear regression for each study visit and mixed linear regression with a random intercept for subject for overall childhood Phthalate metabolites mixture effect assessed using a WQS regression | Gestational exposure to phthalates was associated with children's lower FVC and FEV1, especially in early childhood |
| RHINESSA study [5] | Retrospective cohort study | 3428 adults from Norway and Sweden (mean age 28 years) | Air pollution (NO2, PM10, PM2.5, black carbon, O3) and greenness (NDVI) at residential address averaged across susceptibility windows: 0–10 years, 10–18 years, lifetime, and year before study participation | Physician-diagnosed asthma Asthma attack Current rhinitis LLN lung function (FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC) | Logistic regression for asthma attack, rhinitis and LLN lung function Conditional logistic regression with a matched case–control design for physician-diagnosed asthma | Air pollutants in different susceptibility windows were associated with increased risk of asthma attacks, rhinitis and LLN lung function Greenness was not associated with asthma or rhinitis, but was a risk factor for LLN lung function |
| NutriNet-Santé study [9] | Cross-sectional analysis from a web-based cohort study | 20 833 adults from France (mean age 56 years) | Exposome (87 factors) covered four domains: socioeconomic, external environment, early-life environment, lifestyle-anthropometric | Asthma symptom score Asthma control | ExWAS followed by a latent class model within each exposome domain Negative binomial (asthma symptom score) and logistic regressions (asthma control) per exposome domain | Three early-life and one lifestyle exposure profiles were associated with increased risk of asthma |
MEP: mono-ethyl phthalate; MiBP: mono-iso-butyl phthalate; MnBP: mono-n-butyl phthalate; MCMHP: mono-2-carboxymethyl hexyl phthalate; MBzP: mono-benzyl phthalate; MEHHP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; MECPP: mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; MEHP: mono-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; WQS: weighted quantile sum; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; PMx: particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <x μm; O3: ozone; NDVI: normalised difference vegetation index; LLN: lower limit of normal; ExWAS: exposome-wide association study.